EXTRACTS FROM THE CORKERY STORY

By DB CORKERY and JF CORKERY

PREFACE

The surname Corkery first appeared in New Zealand official records in 1841. A Denis Corkery, aged 35, and Mary, aged 28, with their four children, arrived on the Gertrude from London in June 1841. They docked in Wellington. We know nothing more about them.

It was not until the arrival of the three siblings from Mitchelstown, County Cork - Denis in 1874 and John and Honora in 1878 - that the Corkery family anchored itself in New Zealand society.

This history concerns those pioneers, Denis, John and Honora, and the progress of their families in New Zealand. It also concerns the Corkery name and family as they spread throughout the world from southern Ireland.

Daniel Bernard Corkery, grandson of Denis the pioneer, began to take an interest in his family's history about 20 years ago. His enquires drew responses from throughout the world. Two trips to Ireland uncovered more about the Corkery family. Details and anecdotes were gathered and recorded. A list of those who have written to the writers over the years and helped with the project is included as an appendix. We record our grateful thanks to them, Corkerys and non-Corkerys. We also record this history's special indebtedness to Les Corkery, who provided almost all the material on the pioneer John's family in New Zealand.

Many matters are still unknown, and some of the information is bound to be inaccurate. More is known about some branches of the family than about others. The writers come from Denis and Annie Corkery's line, and so the Southland, New Zealand, branch gets more than its fair share of attention. But the time for recording it all has come, lest more be forgotten and lost than is discovered. The publication of this history is principally attributable to the two decades of painstaking work and enthusiasm by Daniel Bernard Corkery. The writers, if they have erred, have done so with the best of intentions. They have tried to capture the readers' interest as well as faithfully record the past. Discovering The Corkery Story has been a rewarding task.

CHAPTER ONE

THE MEANING OF CORKERY

"Corkery" is undoubtedly Irish. Containing as it does the sounds of two prominent counties of Ireland - Cork and Kerry - it is often assumed that the family name originated from somewhere on or near the border of these counties. One spelling version of the name - Corkkerry - lends substance to this. Such a romantic origin for the name is attractive. Geographically it suits. According to the major works on native surnames of Ireland, Corkery is a Munster surname (Munster being the south-west region of Ireland), found chiefly in Cork, Kerry and Limerick. Cork, the name of the county, originated in the Gaelic word "corcach", which means marshy land. Cork City was built on such land. Basil Cottle, Penguin Dictionary of Surnames (2nd edn 1978) defines:

Cork - either 'cork' Spanish (ultimately from Latin) or 'cork' (a purple dye prepared from lichens). Irish and Scots Gaelic, from working in one of these materials. Whence also Corker.

The records of the evolution of the name Corkery and persons carrying that name are too inadequate to provide accurate information before the early 19th century. Some speculate that the Corkerys were originally of Swedish stock. Others suggest they were genuine Gauls, flowing to Ireland, via Egypt, from the area around Crimea in the Black Sea region.

The Corkerys of the last one or two centuries were centred on Macroom, County Cork. Those who moved around - to Mitchelstown, Skibbereen, Millstreet and elsewhere - probably did so from the Macroom area. Father Jackie Corkery, the chief historian of the Corkery family in Ireland, and now at the Parish of Charleville, County Cork, describes Clondrohid, Macroom as the "ancestral home".

Some authorities suggest that "Corkery" and "Corcoran" are diminutives of the same name. The Corcorans were one of the learned and artistic families of medieval Ireland. However, the connection between these two family names is not recent. The records, the research for this history and the work of Father Jackie Corkery show that the name "Corkery", so spelt, existed as a surname separate from "Corcoran" well back into the 15th century.

Father Corkery adds that the Gaelic forms of Corkery offer clues as to its origins. According to genealogical authorities, Corkery derives from the word "Corcair", which comes from corcc, meaning "purple" or "ruddy". Purple is the colour favoured by royalty. It is also the colour of advanced florid complexion. The old word corc, means heart.

The surname, Corkery, is the anglicised version of the Gaelic. It is linked with such names as O Corkery, Corcory, Corkerry, Corkrey and O'Corcra. As John Martin Corkery of London in his 1985 study of Corkery genealogy comments, "local variations in spelling and the high rate of illiteracy...gave rise to variation in the spelling of surnames". Of these variations, in addition to Corkery, which is by far the most popular spelling, only Corkrey seems to be in regular use today.

THE CORKERYS OF OLD IRELAND: MYTH AND REALITY

Father Jackie Corkery reports that Corc, the root of the name Corkery, "has been associated for at least 2,000 years with significant characters - mythical or otherwise - in Irish society." His researches show that the race called the Gaels (another name for Irish) were pushed out of Egypt. They were led by three brothers, the sons of Milesius, whose ancestors came from Scythia (now Crimea). Milesius, a famous warrior, had married an Egyptian and settled in Egypt in a tribe or group that descended from Gael, the son of a Scythian chief and the daughter of a Pharoah.

About 2,000 years ago, the three sons of Milesius set sail for Ireland and stormed ashore at the Bay of Kenmare, near the Cork/Kerry border. The De Danann, who had ruled for about 200 years, were no match for them. The De Danann were a cultured group and one of their princesses, Eire, gave her name to modern Ireland.

One of these victorious sons of Milesius, Ir, had a descendant named Corc, who settled in what is now County Clare, in the 1st century. It is reasonably well settled that the various names in use today, including Corkery and Corcoran, derive from this Corc. Father Jackie Corkery calls them the "Munster Milesian families". He cites John T Collins, an historian and genealogist, who concluded in an unpublished manuscript that "the name Corkery may likely mean the people of Corc, his kinsman and descendants". Collins adds: "Corc was the king of Munster about 420 AD...The late Canon O'Mahony...maintains that before going to Cashel, Corc was chief of the hilly country in the parish of Templemartin (south of Macroom), and it is not unreasonable to assume they derived their name from the said Corc, and that the word 'raighe' meant descendants of Corc." The pronunciation of the Gaelic "raighe" corresponds to the English (Cork)ery.

The Brehon (Irish) laws

King Corc of Cashel is mentioned by Seamus MacManus in The Story of the Irish Race (Devin-Adair Company, Old Greenwich, Connecticut). MacManus (at p 77) says; "Torna was also the fosterer of Corc - King of Cashel - one of the three Kings who is said to have been on the board with St Patrick, at the revision of the [Brehon] laws". Torna was a celebrated Irish poet of the fifth century, in a society where meritorious poets and Brehons (wandering magistrates or jurists) were revered. The modern Corkery lawyers may owe more than they think to their possible royal ancestor. This ancient Irish or Brehon law, which existed before Julius Caesar conquered England (but not Celtic Ireland) and was finally set down on parchment in the 7th century AD, displays advanced concepts of justice and an innovative approach to laws. Fines, paid in cows often, were exacted for assaults and even homicide and recalcitrants could be embarrassed into paying their dues (creditors were empowered to sit in front of their debtors' houses and fast until shame forced the creditor to come across). Hospitality was compulsory: "Whoever comes to your door, you must feed him or care for him, with no questions asked." Divorce was allowed, but "February first is the day on which husband or wife may decide to walk away from the marriage." Women had a strong position under Brehon law, something that is no surprise to Corkery men. And the laws catered for all needs. One law read, "The husband who, through listlessness, does not go to his wife in her bed must pay a fine." There is a core of realism in Corc and St Patrick's revised laws. Another says (from Mary Dowling Daley, Irish Laws (1989)):

"If a woman makes an assignation with a man to come to her in a bed or behind a bush, the man is not considered guilty even if she screams. If she has not agreed to a meeting, however, he is guilty as soon as she screams."

Corkery elders, now or in the past, might question the sufficiency but not the underlying wisdom of this law for the elderly:

"When you become old your family must provide you with one oatcake a day, plus a container of sour milk. They must bathe you every twentieth night and wash your head every Saturday. Seventeen sticks of firewood is the allotment for keeping you warm."

Saint Patrick is, of course, the patron Saint of Ireland. He was born in Scotland in AD 387, captured by Irish raiders when he was 16 and, after his escape, studied on the Continent before returning to pagan Ireland as a Roman Catholic Bishop to set up his successful missions. He is credited in myth and legend with ridding Ireland of her more obvious snakes and turning Ireland to Christianity before his death in about AD 461. Patrick is thought to be buried in Downpatrick in what is now Northern Ireland. King Corc would have been honoured indeed to have been entrusted by Patrick with the revision of the Brehon laws, a major step in the creation of a national identity.

The Rock of Cashel

The famous Rock of Cashel is also called St Patrick's Rock, in honour of a visit he supposedly paid there. It is a natural fortress rock. Since the fourth or fifth centuries it has been the royal seat of the overlords of Munster, the southern part of Ireland. A King Corc - Conall Corc - is regarded as the founder of the kingship of Cashel, centred at the fortress. In the second half of the fifth century, legend has it, one of the Corc line of kings - Oenghus, son of Nad Fraoich - was being baptised by St Patrick at the Rock. The Saint accidentally stabbed Oenghus's foot with his pastoral staff during the ceremony. The king did not flinch, thinking this ordeal was part of the ceremony.

The strategic and prestigious value of the Rock of Cashel was recognised by all rulers, including the great Brian Boru (941-1014), the first ruler of a united Ireland. He reigned as King of Ireland from 1002. Corc was the name of a favourite lieutenant of Brian Boru. This Corc was a popular leader and a more than competent drinker, with a well-earned ruddy complexion of his own. He had been sent out by Boru to parley with the Norsemen before a major battle. He was sent home headless, his body tied to his horse. Boru found this provocative and trounced the Norsemen. Boru himself was murdered in his tent at the end of the Battle of Clontarf when, as a very elderly man, he defeated the Danes.

The Fiants or pardons

It was Boru who commanded that families take surnames of a well-known ancestor to help preserve the genealogical origins of the Irish tribes. The first written mention of the name Corkery comes in old Irish documents called Fiants. These were pardons, issued when appropriate to Irishmen by the English monarchs from the time of Henry VIII (1509-1547). Father Jackie Corkery writes that "The term 'Fiant' is derived from the first word of warrants to Chancery authorising the issue of letters under the royal seal, and generally signed by the Lord Deputy or Chief Governor of Ireland. In fact, the first words of the said warrants were: 'Fiant litterae patentes...' - 'Let letters patent be made'. The fiants (pardons) of Queen Elizabeth in 1588 detail pardons granted to various Corkerys, particularly around the Macroom area. Corkerys have been there for 400 years or so.

Corkery, in various spellings (eg, O'Korkyry, Corkorie, as well as Corkery) but with identical pronunciations, appears in these Fiants. Some of the Corkerys mentioned are associated with the Mashanaglass Castle. This castle was two miles from Macroom and 12 from Millstreet.

Father Jackie Corkery reports that all of the Corkerys mentioned in the Fiants he researched were from the Macroom area in County Cork. Further;

"One can state from the Fiants that - in the 1500s - the Corkerys were a clan that - apart from the exceptions who 'travelled'...- belonged to that countryside. John T Collins, who was an expert in such historical research, states (in 1941) that the people of the area 'were yeoman, as well as kerns and gallowglasses, all rendering service (to the McCarthy chiefs), though it is probable that their ancestors held lands there prior to the coming of the McCarthys (in the 1300s)."

Gallowglasses were well-trained and fully paid soldiers. Kerns were light foot-soldiers, one below the gallowglasses in rank. Several mentions of Corkery were of yeoman, one rank above the gallowglasses. Father Jackie Corkery writes: "Philip O Corkerie was a turner and Donell (ie Donal) O Corkery was a yeoman. The latter was clearly a man of some status. Fiant 5468 mentions Wm buye m Tiege O Corkery og Grenoage, which translated reads: 'William, the ginger-haired-one, son of Timothy, son of Corkery of Grenagh' - which is also in the Mashanaglass barony."

Pride and hard work

The Corkerys of the last century or two as being strong, hardworking and long-living people. They were, Father Corkery says, well off in Napoleonic times, with an abundance of turnips, swedes and potatoes in their storehouses. Some of them, apparently, did have a tendency, "to live for the day". They were farmers for the most part, in Ireland. There were politicians and writers amongst them, as well as publicans and teachers. The Corkery women were strong willed and generous of spirit. One of them, the sister to Daniel, the Republican, of Macroom (died 1962) was a parliamentarian. She went on duty to England. She was transported home to Macroom for wearing green to the funeral of a prominent politician, despite being ordered to wear black. She further angered the authorities by insisting on using her Irish (Gaelic) name.

Father Jackie also recalls that his grandfather, also Jack, was a man of principle. He was slated to marry one young woman but called the marriage off, offended when his putative father-in-law, on a visit to look over the suitor, prodded deep into the young man's impressive pit of potatoes with his walking stick to check that Jack was not cheating, and counted the neighbour's cattle to verify the size of Jack's herd. That was the end of that. Some time later another young woman was seen riding her bicycle winsomely through the town. She was asked by the mother of Father Jack's grandfather whether she would be interested in a match. Business was transacted and the resulting marriage was long and fruitful.

CHAPTER TWO

THE CORKERYS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

The English Corkerys, like Corkerys in all parts of the world. are from Irish stock originally. Quite a number made lives for themselves in England, some recently, many long ago. John Martin Corkery of London is chronicling the spread and influence of Corkerys there. His father, Simon Corkery, has written an autobiography entitled The Golden Years of an Irish Immigrant, detailing his life. Simon was born in Ardagh, Longford, Ireland. He went nursing in England in 1938, joined the air force during the Second War, and returned to nursing afterwards.

There are also Corkerys in Wales. Thomas John Corkrey [sic], of Llantwit, South Wales, whose grandmother (or the registration clerk) perpetuated the spelling error in the surname in the 1880s, is researching his branch of the family. He spent nearly 40 years in the Royal Air Force and is now retired. He has relations in Australia.

He is not the only Corkery in the Royal Air Force. Group Captain Patrick (MPC) Corkery AFC has written a memoir, called Elephants and Dinner Jackets (The Book Guild Ltd, Sussex, 1989). It describes his interesting life in the Royal Air Force in the North-West Frontier of India.

THE CORKERYS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Judging by telephone book entries, over 40% of Corkerys living today are in the United States of America. They went there, generally from County Cork, in the early 18th century. Most are settled in the Eastern seaboard, in places such as Boston, Philadelphia, New York and Rhode Island. However, they are spread throughout the country. Christian names favoured by the United States' branch include John, Daniel, William, Michael and Thomas.

An interesting correspondent with the authors was William Cornelius Corkery, born 1930 in Boston, Massachusetts. He is a professional genealogist and probate researcher. He researches genealogy for legal reasons, to locate heirs and so on. His firm - Corkery Genealogical Inc - is located at 4 Osage Rd, Canton, Massachusetts 02021. William J Corkery Jr, his father, founded the firm in 1929. William Cornelius's great-grandfather, John, was a drummer boy in the American Civil War of 1861-1865. Presumably the 16 year old beat his drum for the Unionist or northern side, inspired by the anti-slavery President Abraham Lincoln, against the agrarian pro-slavery South (the Confederates, who favoured a confederacy of southern states in an independent south). Over 4 million men took part and 600,000 were killed in this the most bloody of all American wars. Other Corkerys were surely involved. William Cornelius says that his branch is related to United States' President, John F Kennedy - "distantly", he writes, "but not proud of it!" His reluctance would not be widely felt in Australasia or Ireland. Another of William's ancestors, Dan Sullivan, apparently played violin for Queen Victoria's orchestra and was described on his death in the United States in 1917 as "America's foremost exponent of Irish music."

Mary K Corkery of Iowa reported that her family has been in the United States for 200 years and most were settled in the Midwest. Family members have joined the religious orders, Ray a Carmelite Priest and Teresae a Presentation Nun.

Not known to be a family relative, even distantly, is President Ronald Reagan. However, his family originated from a clay-and-wattle dwelling in Ballyporeen, Tipperary, about seven miles from Mitchelstown, County Cork, from where the Southland, New Zealand branch started out to New Zealand. The citizens of Ballyporeen embraced the Reagan link. The village held a presidential parade on Reagan's inauguration day and the local pub opened a Ronald Reagan Bar. There were even moves afoot to build Ballyporeen's "first public convenience". But the Irish environment minister, when asked for the funds for this laudable project, told the villagers to "go and whistle" or words to that effect, according to the Irish Sunday Times of 19 February 1984. The Presidential link was not beneficial to all. Security preparations in advance of Reagan's visit to his ancestral home uncovered an illicit poteen still, a "sad lapse" in concealment, reported the Sunday Times. One Corkery was close to a United States' President. A Catherine Corkery, mentioned later, was pastry cook to President Lincoln.

Gladys and Dwight Corkery of Rowley, Iowa, live on a farm that has been settled by Corkerys for over 100 years (since 1858). It was bought then for $8 per acre. As part of the American Bicentennial birthday celebrations in 1976, their ranch was declared a "Century Farm" for that family longevity feat.

The Gale Research Company of Detroit, Michigan, 48226, publishes the Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, a guide to the arrivals of half a million passengers to Canada and the United States in the 17th-19th centuries. The first edition lists 12 Corkerys. They went to various places in the continent, seven to Canada, four to New York and the last, John Corkery, to Missouri (in 1848).

THE CORKERYS IN CANADA

There is a town called Corkery, about 30 kilometres east of Ottawa, the federal capital of Canada. Formerly called West Huntley, it was named for Canon John Corkery, who was born in the Ramsey area of Murphy's Falls, and moved near to the town as the local parish priest. He never in fact lived in the town named after him, but he travelled there for weekly Mass. There is a fine church there, St Michael's (Naev Meehal in Gaelic), a small school and an impressive priests' residence. No Corkery was living in the town in the mid-1980s. Dead ones were not buried there either. There are no Corkerys registered on the headstones of the trim cemetery.

Father David Corkery, a Catholic priest, works in Ottawa at the Church of the Resurrection of Our Lord, 1940 Saunderson Drive. He is a keen historian, knows something of the town with the family name, and has a lively interest in the origins and fortunes of the Corkerys. David's twin sister is a nursing sister with the Sisters of St Joseph in Saskatchewan.

Both Father David Corkery and James C Corkery trace themselves back to a Michael Corkery, who went to Canada from County Cork aboard the troopship Stakesby, landing at Quebec on 2 September 1823. Their group was known as the "Robinson settlers", after the respected Superintendent, the Honourable Peter Robinson, who was in charge of the United Kingdom's resettlement venture, prompted by the Irish potato famine. The settlers also called themselves the "Ballygibblens", after their place of origin in Ireland. A few Ballygibblens were involved in some skirmishes and rioting in in Canada in April 1824 with some 20 Scottish soldiers, strong Protestants and hardened survivors of the Napoleonic Wars. The Scots were drinking to the good health of King George IV on his Majesty's birthday in the "groggery" of a township called Morphys Falls. The Irish, marching under a green flag, called in for a drink, too. The groups found fault with each other. One witness said that "the walls and floors of the groggery were literally washed with blood" in the ensuing free for all. The battles continued for some days. There is no record of Michael or his family being directly involved.

Michael, the settler, was a literate man and a fluent writer, judging from a letter he wrote to Superintendent Robinson in 1825 (reproduced in A Pioneer History of the County of Lanark, p 99). Michael settled in Ramsay township in the Ottawa River Valley. It was probably his grandson, "the first local born Catholic priest in the area" (James C Corkery wrote in 1984), after whom the little town of Corkery was named. Another branch of the clan settled as farmers on the shores of Lake Ontario about 1850. The area was noted for its potato and turnip crops.

The Canadian currency was in friendly hands, Corkerys may have thought, when James C (Jim) Corkery was Master of the Royal Canadian Mint and then Chairman of the Mint's Board in the 1980s. His son, Kirk, was director for Computer Services for Bell Canada and, in the early-1990s, lives in Malaysia. His daughter, Candace, was a biologist with Environment Canada, "chasing mosquito larvae in Yellowknife Northwest Territories", as James put it in a letter of 1984. James is also a keen family historian and has explored family data in Canada and the United States.

THE CORKERYS IN AUSTRALIA

Convicts in the family

Modern Australians consider themselves truly Australian if they can uncover a convict in their settler bloodlines. The Corkerys qualify. There are convict Corkerys. They turned up in Sydney and in Tasmania. Patrick Corkery, "A county Cork man", as the Boorawa News (NSW) of 17 November 1988 put it, arrived in Tasmania in 1842 on the Isabella Watson. "He had been sentenced to seven years in the colony for stealing a coat and a pair of shoes," the newspaper claims. By 1846, the 5 feet 4 inch farm labourer had earned his release, and was given his certificate of freedom in 1849. He married Catherine Mogrew in New South Wales the next year, a second marriage for Patrick. He had four children to his first wife, Ellen, in the Parish of Clondruhud, County Cork. Ellen came from Cashel in County Cork, a "very much freckled" woman of 40 at the time of her transportation for the same offence as Patrick. She came out with one child shortly after Patrick, in 1842 on the Waverley, landing at Hobart Town. She was listed as dead when Patrick officially applied in 1848 to have his remaining three children by her join him from Ireland.

Patrick and Catherine raised ten children who, in turn, produced well. In 1988, the Boorowa (NSW) Corkerys held a reunion. Over 160 members of the family attended, coming from all over New South Wales. Many of them descended from Patrick. Elaine Slavik, a descendant, reports that Patrick, who was working as a shepherd, was found dead in the bush, aged 73. His family suspected that bushrangers had slain him for his sheep.

Another Corkery convict was Jeremiah, born 1818 in County Cork, Ireland. He was tried on 2 January 1849 "for stealing two sheep from Mr Agnew at Cork." He sailed, courtesy of Her Majesty, on the ship Hyderabad, exiled to Australia for ten years. His Spike Island gaol report listed no previous convictions, said his character was good, his trade "farm labourer", his head "large" and his hair "brown and curly". He could neither read nor write. He received a further sentence of four months hard labour in Tasmania for "misconduct in being out after hours". Jeremiah today has over 30 direct descendants living in Australia.

Two convicts, both John Corkerys, arrived at Sydney on the Lonach and the Earl Grey respectively on 4 September 1825 and 31 December 1836. The second John, of "dark brown" hair with "chestnut and small" eyes, a distiller's labourer by trade, was given 14 years in distant Australia for "receiving stolen property" in Cork City. He was 19 years old and 5 feet 4 inches in height, about average for the time. A Timothy Corkery accompanied one of the Johns on the Lonach. Another Timothy arrived in 1820 on the Hadlow. Two Thomas Corkerys arrived on the Asia on 2 December 1831.

A Daniel Corkery was said to be a prison guard when the small Pinchgut Island (now Fort Denison) in Sydney Harbour was used as a military fort in the late-eighteenth century. "Pinchgut" was the prisoners' name, descriptive of the emaciated physique of those who spent time on the rock. Daniel's grandnephew, Albert Corkery, aged 80, of Southport, Queensland, says that his gaoler ancestor disappeared on a boat trip with some prisoners. They found the boat but no prisoners or guards.

Law abiding Australians

Not all Australian Corkerys were from the lawless end of society. The outspoken Roman Catholic Archbishop Mannix of Melbourne was the grandson of a Mary Corkery. There were many voluntary (assisted) immigrants, as well, to Australia. One of the earliest arrivals was James Corkery (born 1813) and his wife Mary Ann (nee O'Connor; born 1814), who arrived on the Duchess of Northumberland at Sydney on 22 April 1838. Other Corkery immigrants included, John (aged 40), Honora (25), Patrick (10) and Mary (1), all of whom were assisted passengers to Moreton Bay, Queensland, on the Conrad in 1855. A Jane Corkery arrived on the Martin Luther to Sydney in 1842 and another Jane, aged 20, arrived on the Cressy in Sydney in 1856. There were many others.

The Corkerys in Australia, as in New Zealand, fought in both World Wars in the 20th century. Nine of them are listed in the Australian Infantry Forces, World War I Service Records; Daniel Frederick, Francis Frederick, James, John James, John Lenders, Patrick, Patrick again and two William Johns. There are no generals in their ranks. One was a gunner, one a sapper, one a driver, and the rest were privates.

There are a large number of Corkerys now living in Australia. Some of the Southland, New Zealand branch have settled there - Peter Daniel and his family of Adelaide and James Francis and his family of the Gold Coast, to name but two. They are both lawyers. Martin Corkery, who descends from an English line of the family, is a property developer on the Gold Coast and another Martin is a lawyer in Queensland....

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